An important context for the self-understanding of young Poles is the doubling of the percentage of people identifying themselves solely through a national lens. In 2023, 45% of young Poles saw themselves as “only a citizen of my country” (26% in 2020), and 44% have a hybrid identity (answers: „as a citizen of my country first, then as a European“ or „as a European first, then as a citizen of my country“ – 67% in 2020). It is the return the situation from 2017 edition of the research, and in no other country similar fluidity of identifications had been registered.