The refugee crisis and its consequences, concerning both the assessment of the EU migration policy in the last decade, as well as proposed solutions and Polish authorities’ reaction to them, were a subject of a wide public debate in Poland. Currently, the discourse centers on the government’s response to the crisis at the Polish-Belarussian border and the dilemmas surrounding the scale and scope of help given to the Ukrainian refugees.

Another important dispute concerns ecology, especially in the context of air pollution and the use of ecological energy sources (including limiting the use of traditional sources). The conflicts in this respect are caused by the question of pollutant emissions from car transport (a major problem in large cities), as well as the so-called ‘low emissions’ caused by combustion in domestic boilers (which particularly affects smaller towns and rural areas). The war in Ukraine has laid bare the negative consequences of European dependance on Russian fossil fuels and invigorated the debate surrounding alternative energy sources, such as wind, solar, and nuclear energy.