5.1 General context
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Main concepts
The significance of youth participation has become increasingly apparent in the lives of young individuals in Cyprus. There is a growing recognition among politicians, stakeholders, and state officials regarding the relatively low levels of youth engagement in the country, as indicated in the annual Youth Barometers. The government, with a particular focus on the Youth Board of Cyprus (YBC) as the competent public body for youth policy affairs, is actively taking measures to assess and enhance youth participation in both social and democratic spheres. This concerted effort reflects a heightened concern for ensuring that the voices and contributions of young people are not only acknowledged but also actively integrated into the broader fabric of societal and democratic life.
Institutions of representative democracy
The system of government of the Republic of Cyprus is presidential democracy, with a clear separation of powers between the executive, the legislative and the judicial. As it is stated on the official website of the House of Representatives, the executive power is exercised by the President, the Vice-President and the Council of Ministers, judicial power lies with the courts of the Republic and legislative power is exercised by the House of Representatives and the Communal Chambers.
As it is mentioned both on the website of the House of Representatives, the 1960 constitution has provisions to ensure a balance of power between the Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities. The separate majority of Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot Representatives needed for the amendment of the electoral law and for the adoption of any law relating to the municipalities or imposing taxes and duties. The House of Representatives, was to be elected by universal suffrage with 35 Greek and 15 Turkish seats and a term of no longer than five years. Under the amendment of 1985, the legislature was to comprise 80 seats (56 Greek, 24 Turkish). In 1996 a system of proportional representation was introduced. The seats reserved for Turkish Cypriots have been unoccupied since 1963.
The presidential term lasts five years, with the last presidential election was in February 2023 and Nikos Christodoulides was elected the new president of Cyprus following the runoff elections on the island on 12 February 2023. Ministers, who are appointed by the President, may not be members of the parliament. In the Republic of Cyprus currently there are 11 Ministries and 7 Deputy Ministries. These are:
- Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Environment
- Ministry of Energy, Commerce, and Industry
- Ministry of Transport, Communications and Works
- Ministry of Defence
- Ministry of Education, Sport and Youth
- Ministry of Finance
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Ministry of Health
- Ministry of Interior
- Ministry of Justice and Public Order
- Ministry of Labour and Social Insurance
- Deputy Ministry of Shipping
- Deputy Ministry of Tourism
- Deputy Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digital Policy
- Deputy Ministry to the President
- Deputy Ministry of Social Welfare
- Deputy Ministry of Culture
- Deputy Ministry for European Affairs
As for the district administration, the official website of the District Administration Offices of the Republic of Cyprus mentions that Cyprus is divided into six administrative districts. These are: Nicosia, Limassol, Pafos, Larnaka, (in the government-controlled areas) and Famagusta and Keryneia (in the occupied areas). Each district is headed by a District Officer who is a senior civil servant appointed by the Government as its local representative. The District Officer is the chief coordinator and liaison for the activities of all ministries in the district and is accountable to the Ministry of Interior (Υπουργείο Εσωτερικών). The District Offices are not elected local or regional authorities but are part of the civil service.
On local level, there are two types of local authorities, Municipalities and Communities, which are governed by separate laws. In principle, Municipalities constitute the form of local government in urban and tourist centres while communities constitute the local structure in rural areas. Any community may become a municipality by local referendum, subject to the approval of the Council of Ministers, provided it has either a population of more than 5.000, or has the economic resources to function as a municipality. Mayors are elected directly by the citizens on a separate ballot, for a term of five years and are the executive authority of the municipalities. In addition, the official website of the Union of Cyprus Municipalities mentions that the functions of Communities are generally similar to those of municipalities, although structurally different. The residents of the community elect the President of the Community and the Community Council for a term of five years.
As stated in the Law for electing members of the parliament 1979 (Ο περί Εκλογής Μελών της Βουλής των Αντιπροσώπων Νόμος του 1979 (Ν. 72/1979), all Cypriot citizens who are resident in Cyprus for a period of six months before becoming eligible to vote, have the right to vote. Voting was compulsory in Cyprus and failures to register or to vote were violations of law with sanctions applicable but not enforced in practice. However, based on the Cyprus Government Gazette, on May 31, 2017, the cabinet approved a bill abolishing compulsory voting in elections. On December 6, 2019, the House of Representatives, voted unanimously in law the amendment of the age limit for claiming a parliamentary seat, from 26 years to 22 (complete the age of 21). This regulation gave to youngest people the opportunity to have an active role and say in the political events of the place and strengthened their participation in the public.