3.7 Cross-border mobility in employment, entrepreneurship and vocational opportunities
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Cross-border mobility in employment, entrepreneurship and vocational opportunities
The Youth Guarantee program
The Youth Guarantee program [cf. § 3.6.] aims to facilitate the integration into the labour market of EU citizens or non-EU foreigners who have a residence permit, aged 15 to 29 and resident in Italy.
In order to achieve this goal, theCross-border and National Professional Mobility section encourages the mobility of young workers who want to gain work experience in other EU countries or in other Italian regions providing them with a voucher that covers travel and accommodation costs for 6 months.
In addition, theExtra-curricular Internship Measure facilitates internships in national and cross-border mobility to promote training and professional experiences.
The EURESprovide foreign citizens with information about new job opportunities and start-up funding for self-employed business.
Furthermore, the programYour first EURES job promotes professional mobility of young workers in the EU.
The National Civic Service in the European Union
The National Civic Service project lasts 12 months. The applicants will have the opportunity to spend 8 months abroad hosted by a European host organisation. This measure also guarantees linguistic training in entities and administrations operating in the EU with the recognition of a flat-rate cost.
Moreover, university students and young graduates who intend to gain an internship experience in Europe can apply for theYouth Employment Initiative(Pon IOG) program of ANPAL [paragraph 3.6]. TheStage4euprogram offers similar opportunities.
Furthermore, the cross-border mobility of theErasmus+ program in the field ofvocational education and training(VET) aims to improve professional, personal and interpersonal skills.
Your first EURES job 6.0 project (YfEj)
YfEj provides a range of integrated and personalised support services for young people aged 18 to 35 who are citizens and reside in one of the 28 EU states, in Iceland or Norway and who aspire to gain a traineeship or apprenticeship in a foreign European country. The initiative guarantees applicants access to financial support which varies according to the type of measure and the country of destination.
INAPP conducted two studies on the impact ofthe participation of young people in international student mobility programs, in the 2014-2020 community programming period (e.g. Erasmus Plus).
The analyses are based on ISTAT Graduate Survey data. The sample is composed of individuals who graduated in 2011. The study adopted a counterfactual methodology. The results show that participation in international mobility programs increases the probability of being employed (+2%) and the probability of working abroad (+14%) in the four years after graduation. It also shows a study experience abroad reduces the average duration of job searching by about 2.5 months. Finally, participation in international mobility programs increases wages by 9.6% compared to those who have not participated in mobility programs.
Erasmus for Young Entrepreneurs
Erasmus for young entrepreneurs aims to support European citizens in acquiring the skills to start and manage a small business. New entrepreneurs exchange their know-how and business ideas with established entrepreneurs who host them.
Aspiring entrepreneurs (no age limit) who have created a business within the last 3 years or are willing to start a new business of any kind can apply for the program. The program also provides financial support to cover travel and accommodation expenses.
Legal framework
The different regulations of the various national social security systems of the European Union are coordinated by EU legislation, in order to guarantee the protection of the social security rights of migrant workers and the exercise of the right to free movement of European citizens.
In compliance with the obligations established by law, it is also possible to start an independent business of any kind. Furthermore, it is necessary to distinguish EU citizens, coming from one of the 28 Member States of the European Union, from non-EU citizens who come from other parts of the world.
Citizens of the European Union, non-EU citizens or non-EU foreigners
Citizens of the European Union who intend to stay in Italy are not subject to the provisions of the Consolidated Law on immigration and can carry out any type of activity, both autonomous and subordinate, applying the same provisions valid for Italian citizens. However, if they reside in Italy for a period of more than 3 months, they must register with theresident population registry (Legislative Decree 30/2007)
If they are required for study or training purposes, they must present a document certifying enrolment in a course of study and entitlement to health insurance, as well as declaring possession of economic resources for the stay.
Non-EU citizens or non-EU foreigners are required to apply the rules contained in theConsolidated Law on Immigration. The text delegates to the State the regulation of entry into Italy to carry out subordinate work or self-employment. The flow decree annually establishes the entry quotas for work reasons based on the needs of the production system.
Further information and documentation on the subject are available on themigrant integration portal.