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Main trends in young people's creativity and cultural participation
Infrastructural background
There are no specific statistics regarding youth cultural institutions. Public cultural participation of children and young people is often realised through the spaces of community culture. When looking at figures regarding the number of cultural institutions we see an important change in tendencies: since 2013-2014 the number of institutions related to community culture has begun to increase and, in parallel, the number of cultural events per 100 000 inhabitants was also increasing. [Hungarian Central Statistical Office (Központi Statisztikai Hivatal - Kulturális ellátottság)]
The increase in the number of institutions could be traced back - among others - to the extension of a previously existing network of local community cultural institutions. The Integrated Community Service Spaces [Integrált Közösségi Szolgáltató Tér (IKSZT), referred hereinafter to as ICSS] has been created to serve the needs of the population of settlements with less than 5 000 inhabitants. As of 2016, 465 ICSS-s existed. The decree that created ICSSs (112/2009 Decree of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) has become ineffective in 2018, but many of such institutions are still operating.
Another important reason behind the increase is the role of the EU structural funds available for socio-cultural activities. These objectives 'found their way both into the 2007-2013 and 2014-2020 National Strategic Reference Frameworks for the EU Structural Funds'.
Participation of young people in creative and cultural experiences
The most important data sources for understanding the cultural activities of young people are the large sample youth research waves. From 2008 on, there has been a steady decline in participation in every 'traditional' cultural activity listed in the questionnaire. According to the results of the 2016 survey (Ifjúságkutatás 2016), more than 80% of young people never visit spaces of 'elite' culture (art movies, opera, classical concerts) and around 40% of them never visited multiplex cinemas either. (Youth Policy Review, 2016)
Based on the 2018 data of the Cultural Statistical Data Collection System [Kulturális Statisztikai Adatgyűjtő Rendszer (KultStat)], referred hereinafter to as KultStat] that provides information from the National Statistical Data Collection Programme (in Hungarian: OSAP) the number of youth groups, clubs and study groups, run by all institutions that have a role in community culture, is 1 364 (this is higher than the number of the institutions, as one institution might have more groups). The average yearly number of members is 35 800, and the number of activities is 35 740.
Data on participation in creative cultural communities and art groups is also available in the same source. According to this, in 2018, 48 737 15-29 year-olds participated in these type of groups.
Differences based on location
A huge difference can be seen in terms of location: young people living in Budapest are highly overrepresented in 'elite' cultural activities and consumption, whereas the youth of villages are more likely to visit community centres and discos.
Leisure time activities
Offline leisure time activities of young people are much more characterised by visiting cafés and pubs, but it is important to notice that festivals are key events of popular cultural activities for a large fraction of young people. In 2016, 25% of 15-29 youth attended festivals – most of them (13% of the whole population) local ones, but the big music festivals also attracted a wide audience. Approximately one-fourth of Hungarian youth go to the theatre more than once a year. [Szabó Júlia – Hires László Kornélia: Régi és Új kultúra (Traditional and New Culture). In: Székely Levente (ed., 2018): Magyar fiatalok a Kárpát-medencében (Hungarian Youth in the Carpathian Basin). Kutatópont – Enigma, Budapest, 2018)].
Regarding leisure time activities, the results of the 2016 youth research show that cultural activities are part of the everyday life of young people. More than half of them indicated listening to music as one of their most common leisure activities, while for one-third of them it is reading. However, (traditional) creative activities were not common: 3% answered creating decorative and everyday objects, around 5% make music, paint, draw or sculpt, and around 10% take photos or make films as a leisure activity.
Separation of cultural and social spaces
Data also show how social and cultural spaces have become increasingly separated, implying a decrease in the social nature of cultural activities, whereas – as a general trend – social activities are more and more relocating into online spaces. By 2016, 88% of young people accessed the Internet daily, and 85% of them owned a smartphone. Online spaces and smartphone applications in many cases, foster creative activities and content generation, but television and the Internet remained the most important leisure activities. In 2016, for 77% of 15-29 year-olds, the most common leisure time activity on weekends was watching TV, and for 71% it was spending time online. On an average weekday, these figures are 72% and 71% respectively.
Main concepts
Definitions of culture
In Hungary, there is no coherent formal legal definition of culture. 'For Hungarians, the word ''culture'' naturally involves the arts: thus the compound of ''arts and culture'' is not used. Although terms like ''cultural industries'', ''creative sector'' and similar expressions have made their way into the general public discourse, they have not been enacted in any high-level document'. (Compendium, 2016 p. 5). Although there is a lack of official definition of culture, a general understanding could be outlined based on the legal background and public appearances of decision-makers. The Secretary of State for Culture stated in an interview (interjú) that the concept of culture is changing, and bigger emphasise needs to be given to digitalisation and online contents. Important legal documents frequently refer to it as 'cultural law'.
'Cultural law' - Act CXL of 1997
The preamble of Act CXL of 1997 on the protection of Museum Institutions, Public Library Services and Community Culture emphasises that the
'preservation and practice of national cultural traditions and those of nationalities, the improvement of the personal, intellectual and economic basis for individual and community cultural activities, and activities which improve the quality of life of citizens and transmit values, as well as the operation of the institutions and organisations created to achieve these goals through the system of basic cultural care is in the common interest of society.' (Act CXL of 1997 on the protection of Museum Institutions, Public Library Services and Community Culture)
The preamble’s cited part shows two central focuses of legislation on culture:
- cultural heritage and
- reconceptualisation of community culture.
One is related to cultural heritage management that appears in many other recent government decrees and strategic documents. The other is a more recent and more salient reconceptualisation of community culture. The aim of providing basic cultural services appeared in the law in 2017. However the concept has been around in the previous years too, starting in 2014 with the formation of the Roundtable of Cultural Basic Care (Kulturális Alapellátás Kerekasztala), now called The Roundtable of Basic Cultural Care and Community Development. The concept is
'a form of care in the field of culture that provides the minimum of cultural services used by a vast majority of the public. […] It is a conditionality of organisation, activity and financing that enables citizens and communities exercise their right to culture directly. […] The care can be used by local people directly, preferably in their residence or close to it, based on equal opportunities, as a civil right. […] Most or the entire part of the population enters the system of basic cultural care. Its operation is maintained by the Fundamental Law and cardinal laws. It is basically financed through public funds and the dominant engagement of the state characterises it.' (Ponyi, 2015 p. 37-38)
Special target groups
Though the programme is targeted on the whole population, school-age children are often emphasised as one of the special target groups. An example of this is the Cultural Adventure Programme (Kultúrkaland), where secondary school children can take part in cultural-pedagogical activities.
Concept of creativity
The concept of creativity mainly appears in the context of innovation and research (sometimes, but not exclusively connected to startups). The Ministry Responsible for Innovation and Technology does not mention creativity in its founding regulation, however, concepts like informatics, coordination of science policies and audio-visual policies, as elements of the responsibilities of the ministry highlight an understanding of creativity. Objectives related to the creative and cultural industries only appear one time in the cultural law: the chapter on regional and metropolitan public cultural services includes the objective of contributing to
- culture-based economic development and to
- the development of services of creative and cultural industries.
Creativity also appears in the new National Core Curriculum (Nemzeti Alaptanterv) (referred hereinafter to as NCC) accepted in 2020. The concept of creativity mostly relates to artistic expressions as well as critical thinking and innovative problem-solving in the new NCC.